Características morfogênicas e padrões de desfolhação em pastos de capim marandu submetidos a regimes de lotação contínua. / Morphogenetic characteristics and defoliation patterns in marandu grass pastures submmited to continuous stocking regimes.

AUTOR(ES)

Alexandre de Campos Gonçalves

DATA DE PUBLICAÇÃO

2003

RESUMO

The lack of information on the ecophysiology of tropical pasture species limits the adjustment of grazing management practices that allow for the best possible utilization of their forage production potential. Bearing that in mind, the present experiment, carried out at the Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, evaluated the morphogenetic characteristics and defoliation patterns of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich) cultivar Marandu from November 2001 to February 2002. Treatments corresponded to four sward state conditions (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm sward surface height) generated by cattle grazing under continuous stocking with variable stocking rate and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design with four replications. The evaluated responses were: (1) morphogenetic characteristics: leaf appearance rate (LAR), phyllochron, number of leaves per tiller and leaf life span; (2) individual tiller defoliation patterns: frequency and intensity of defoliation and grazing efficiency (utilization). Short swards (10 cm) presented higher LAR (0.12 leaf/tiller.day and 0.012 leaf/tiller.degree-day) and smaller phyllochrone (9.0 days/leaf and 84.8 degree-days/leaf) than tall swards (20, 30 and 40 cm) (0.11, 0.10, 0.10 leaf/tiller.day and 0.011, 0.011, 0.010 leaf/tiller.degree-day; 10.3, 10.3, 10.9 days/leaf and 95.1, 95.1, 100.6 degree-days/leaf, respectively), the latter three being the same (P >0.10). Leaf life span followed the phyllochron results (34.4, 43.1, 45.5, 48.4 days/leaf and 332.1, 441.6, 433.5, 462.0 degree-days/leaf for the 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm swards, respectively) since no variation was observed in number of leaves per tiller (4.5 leaves/tiller) (P >0.10). Variations in morphogenetic characteristics throughout the experiment were due to the phenological state of plants, which changed from vegetative to reproductive. Frequency (0.077 defoliation/tiller.day) and intensity (0.296 – proportion of the original length removed by grazing) of defoliation of individual tillers were biggest in the 10 cm-swards (P <0.10). In the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards defoliation intensity remained relatively constant (0.173) (P >0.10), while defoliation frequency decreased as sward surface height increased (0.068, 0.067, 0.056 for the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards, respectively) (P <0.10). A similar trend was obtained when frequency and intensity of defoliation were calculated on a per leaf basis (0.043, 0.033, 0.031, 0.026 e 0.760, 0.683, 0.654, 0.665, respectively, for the 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards). There was a positive relationship between the stocking rate used to generate experimental treatments and the resulting frequency and intensity of defoliation of individual tillers. Senescing leaves were defoliated less severely than mature and expanding leaves, particularly because of the lower frequency with which they were visited (0.009, 0.028, 0.024, respectively), since corresponding variations in defoliation intensity were small. Pasture utilization efficiency was highest in the 10 cm-swards (82.3%), a consequence of their high frequency and intensity of defoliation that resulted in decreased leaf life span under those circumstances. Increasing sward surface height resulted in decreasing utilization efficiency (76.2, 69.4 and 68.7% for the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards, respectively). Regardless of sward surface height, the top 33% of the sward height was used for grazing, indicating potential restrictions to herbage consumption of cattle grazing short pastures.

ASSUNTO(S)

forage grasses pastagens brachiaria grass defoliation management pastures eficiência pastejo. efficiency forage fisiologia vegetal gramíneas forrageiras plant morphogenesis grazing. desfolha capim braquiária plant physiology manejo morfogênese vegetal forragem

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